维生素b6吃多了有什么副作用

??(?tzi)? ??? 3350??? ??? 3105? ??? ??? ?? ? ????? ??? ? ?? ?? ??? ????. 1991? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ?????????? ???? ???? ??? ????. ????(Iceman)?? ???? ??. ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ? ?? ????? ??? ???. ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???.
??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???. ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??.
??
[??]??? 1991? 9? 19? ???? ? ?? ???? ?????. ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ? ???(?????: Punta di Finale)? ?? 3,210 ??? ????. ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ? ? ? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????.[1] ?? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?????. ? ?? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?????. ??? 9? 22? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?????. ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ????. 9? 24? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???. ?? ?? ??? ?? "?? ? ?? ? ??"??? ?????.[2][3] ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? 3359??? ??? 3105? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????.[3] ?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? 3239??? ??? 3105? ??? ??? 66%, ??? 3359??? ??? 3294? ??? 33%, ??? 3277??? ??? 3268? ??? 1%? ?????.[4]
????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ? 4?? 1? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?????.[5]
?? ??
[??]1919? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????? ???. ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???. ?? ?? ??? ?? ? ??? ?????? ????? ???. ??? ??? ?????? ????? ???? 1998? ??? ????? ?????. ????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??, ?????.[6]
??? ??
[??]??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???. 2004? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ????? ?? ?????? 1? ???? ?? ??? ?????-??? ??? ?? ?? ?????. ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????.[7]
2016??? ??? ?? ????, ??? ???? ? 160 cm, ??? 50 Kg?? ?? 45???.[8] ?? ?? ??? ??? 13.750 kg ????[9][10] ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?????.[11] ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????.[12]
??? ???? ?? ???, ?? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? 50 Km?? ?????? ?? ? ? ???.[13] ??? ??? ???? 3D ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????. ??? ??? ?? 45???? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?????.[14]
???
[??]2009? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ?????. ? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?? DNA ??? ???. ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ? ?? ?? ?????.[15] ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???.[16] ??? ??? ? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????. ??? ? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???. ?? ???? ?? ????.[17] ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??, ??, ???, ??? ?? ??? ?? ???.[18]
2018? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?????. ???? ??? ??? ?? ?? ????. ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????. ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???. ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???.[19][20]
?? ? ? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?????. ????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??, ???? ?? ??, ??? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?????. ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????. ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? 8?? ??? ??, ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????.[21]
??
[??]??? ??, ????, ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????. ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ? ??.[22]
???? ???? ??? ??? ???. ??? ???? ???? ??? ? ??? ? ?? ???? ??? ?????. ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??. ??? ?? ?? ? ? ??? ???? ? ?? ???????? ??. ??? ??? ??? ???? ? ???? ?? 2?? ??? 2? ? ??? ?? ???.[23] ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ? ? ??.[24]
2016? ?? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?????. ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??. ??? ????? ?? ??? hpAsia2? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ???. ????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ????.[25]
2012? 2? ??? DNA ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?????. ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???.[26] ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ??? 2 %? ????. ??? 2022? ?? ??? ???? ? ??? 5?? ? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??.[27]
??
[??]??? ??? 61 ?? ??? ??. 19 ?? ???? ?? ? ?? ?? ??? 7 - 40 mm ??? ??? ? 1 - 3 mm ? ?? ??? ???? ??.[28] ? ? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ? ? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??. ?? ? ??? ??? ?? ??? 12 ?? ?? ???? ?????.[29] ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?????.[30] ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???.[31] ?? ??? ?? ? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??.[31]
??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???. ?? ??????? ?? ?? ??, ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ????.[32] ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????.[29] ???? ??? ??? ??? ??(??? 1?? ??)?? ?? 2?? ? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ? ? ??.[33]
??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????.[34][35] ?? 2018? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???.[36]
?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???. 2015? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?????.[31]
??
[??]2012? 5? ??? ??? ?????. ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???. ???? ? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????.[37] ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???.[38] ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???.[39]
??? ??
[??]2012? 2? 29? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?????.[40] ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????.[41]
?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????. ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????. ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????, ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??. ?????? ? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????? DNA? ?? ???? Y ??? DNA? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???. ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? DNA ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???? ? ??? ? ??. ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ? ??.
??????? ????? ??? DNA? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ????. ??? ??????? DNA? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? DNA ??????? ??. ?? ????? Y ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?? Y-??? DNA ?????? ??? ? ??.
??? Y ??? ?????? G? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??. ??? Y-????? G ?????? L91 ??? ???.[42] ??? G-L91 ?????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???????.[43]
?? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? K1? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ?? K1a, K1b, K1c? ??? ????? ?? K1? ???? ?? ?????. ??? ????? ??? ?? ?? ??.[44] ?????? ????? K1? ??? ??, ?????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ? ? ?? ??? ??? ???.[45]
??? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??????, ?????? ?? ???.[46][47][48][49]
DNA ?? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??, ?????? ???? ?? ? ? ??. ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???.[40][50][51]
2013? 8? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? DNA ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?????.[52]
?? ??
[??]

??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???.[53] ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??, ???, ??? ??? ??, ??? ??, ?? ?? ?????. ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????. ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???. ??? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ? ?? ???? ??? ?? ? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?????. ?? ???? ??? ?? ???. ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????. ????? ???? ?? ?? ??, ???, ???, ? ??, ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???.[54]
??? ??? ??? ??? "??? ??? ?? ???? 5? 3?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????"? ??? ???. ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? ? ??? ???? ????? ???.[55] ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ? ?? ?? ?? ??? ? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???. ? ? ? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????.[56]
???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???. ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??. ???? ? ? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ???. ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??? 6?5?? ? ??? ?????.[57]
???? ????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??, ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????. ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??. ??? ???? ??? ?? ?????? DNA ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ????. ?, ? ?? ?? ???? ??? ????? ? ??? ?? ?? ???.[58][59][60]
? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???. ??? ? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???.[61]
??
[??]

a) ??, b) ??, c) ??, d) ??? 14, e) ??? 12, f) ?? ??[62]
??? ?? 99.7%? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???. ? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??????, ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ? ? ??.[63] ??? ??? ??? ?? 60 cm? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???. ??? ?? ?? 9.5 cm? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????. ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??. ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ? ???? ????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ???. ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ? ? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ????. ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???.[64]
??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?????. ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????. ?? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ? ? ??. ?? ?? ??? ? ???? ?? ??? ? ??.[65]
?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?????. ??? ?? 14 ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???.[66][67] ?? ? ?? ??? ? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?? ????. ?? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ? ? ??. ?? ?? ? ? ?? ?? ?????.[68] ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? 1.82 m ??? ????? ???.[69]
??? ????? ?? ??? ? ?? ??? ? ??? ??? ?? ???. ???? ???? ???? ????. ?? ??? ??? ???????(Fomitopsis betulina)?? ????? ???? ???? ???.[70] ?? ??? ????(Fomes fomentarius)?? ????? ???.
?? ??
[??]??? ??? ??? 10?? ?? ??? ???? ???.[71] ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ? ??? ????? ???? ? ?? ??? ?????.[72][73] ??? ??? ??? 8?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ? ?? ?????. ???? ?? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???.[73]
???? ?? ??
[??]2001? X?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?????.[74] ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ? ??.[75] ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????.[76] ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?????. ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??? ? ?? ???. ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??.[77]
2003? DNA ??? ?? ?? ??? ? ?? ???, ??? ???? ?? 4?? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?????.[78][79] ?? ???? ????? ?? ?? ? ??? ??? ?? ??? ? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???.[75] ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ? ? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???.[80]
??? ??
[??]2010? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?????.[81] ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??. ???? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????.[82] ????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?????.[82] ?????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????.[82] ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??.
?? ??
[??]??
[??]- ↑ Description of the Discovery ??? 13 12? 2011 - ??? ?? at the South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology web site
- ↑ Brenda Fowler (2001). 《Iceman: Uncovering the Life and Times of a Prehistoric Man Found in an Alpine Glacier》. University of Chicago Press. 37 ff?. ISBN 978-0-226-25823-2.
- ↑ ? ? “The Incredible Age of the Find”. South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology. 2013. 24 June 2015? ?? ???? ??? ??. 3 August 2015? ???.
- ↑ Bonani, Georges; Ivy, Susan D.; Hajdas, Irena; Niklaus, Thomas R.; Suter, Martin (1994). “Ams 14 C Age Determinations of Tissue, Bone and Grass Samples from the ?tztal Ice Man”. 《Radiocarbon》 (??) 36 (2): 247–250. doi:10.1017/S0033822200040534. ISSN 0033-8222.
- ↑ <Please add first missing authors to populate metadata.> (29 September 2008), “'Iceman' row ends after 17 years”, 《BBC News》, 30 September 2008? ?? ???? ??? ??
- ↑ Brida, Juan Gabriel; Meleddu, Marta; Pulina, Manuela (2012? 11? 1?). “Understanding Urban Tourism Attractiveness: The Case of the Archaeological ?tzi Museum in Bolzano”. 《Journal of Travel Research》 51 (6): 730–741. doi:10.1177/0047287512437858. ISSN 0047-2875. S2CID 154672981.
- ↑ “WWI bodies are found on glacier”, 《BBC News》, 23 August 2004, 30 June 2006? ?? ???? ??? ??
- ↑ Rory Carroll (2000? 9? 26?), “Iceman is defrosted for gene tests: New techniques may link Copper Age shepherd to present-day relatives”, 《The Guardian》
- ↑ transcript. “Iceman Reborn”. 《PBS》. 2018? 9? 13?? ???.
- ↑ Egarter-Vigl, Eduard (2006), 〈The Preservation of the Iceman Mummy〉, Marco Samadelli, 《The Chalcolithic Mummy, Volume 3, In Search of Immortality》, Folio Verlag, 54?, ISBN 978-3-85256-337-4
- ↑ Hays, Jeffrey. “Otzi, The Iceman – Facts and Details”. 《factsanddetails.com》. 1 May 2017? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2 November 2017? ???.
- ↑ James M. Deem ( 3 January 2008), 《?tzi: Iceman of the Alps: His health》, Mummy Tombs, 13 November 2006? ?? ???? ??? ??, 6 January 2008? ???
- ↑ Wolfgang Müller; ?. (31 October 2003), “Origin and Migration of the Alpine Iceman”, 《Science》 302 (5646): 862–866, Bibcode:2003Sci...302..862M, doi:10.1126/science.1089837, PMID 14593178, S2CID 21923588
- “Who was ?tzi the Iceman?”. 《Mummy Tombs》. 2007? 12? 17?? ?? ???? ??? ??.
- ↑ Lorenzi, Rossella (2011? 2? 25?). “The Iceman Mummy: Finally Face to Face”. Discovery News. 2011? 6? 19?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2011? 6? 24?? ???.
- ↑ Than, Ker (23 June 2011). “Iceman's Stomach Sampled—Filled With Goat Meat”. National Geographic. 26 June 2011? ?? ???? ??? ??. 24 June 2011? ???.
- ↑ “Iceman Oetzi's last meal was 'Stone Age bacon'”. 7 November 2017? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2 November 2017? ???.
- ↑ T.G. Holden (2002), 〈The Food Remains from the Colon of the Tyrolean Ice Man〉, Keith Dobney; Terry O'Connor, 《Bones and the Man: Studies in Honour of Don Brothwell》, Oxford: Oxbow Books, 35–40?, ISBN 978-1-84217-060-1
- ↑ A.G. Heiss & K. Oeggl (2008? 2? 19?), “The plant macro-remains from the Iceman site (Tisenjoch, Italian-Austrian border, eastern Alps): new results on the glacier mummy's environment”, 《Veget Hist Archaeobot》 18: 23–35, doi:10.1007/s00334-007-0140-8, S2CID 14519658
- ↑ Maixner, Frank; Turaev, Dmitrij; Cazenave-Gassiot, Amaury; Janko, Marek; Krause-Kyora, Ben; Hoopmann, Michael R.; Kusebauch, Ulrike; Sartain, Mark; Guerriero, Gea; o'Sullivan, Niall; Teasdale, Matthew; Cipollini, Giovanna; Paladin, Alice; Mattiangeli, Valeria; Samadelli, Marco; Tecchiati, Umberto; Putzer, Andreas; Palazoglu, Mine; Meissen, John; L?sch, Sandra; Rausch, Philipp; Baines, John F.; Kim, Bum Jin; An, Hyun-Joo; Gostner, Paul; Egarter-Vigl, Eduard; Malfertheiner, Peter; Keller, Andreas; Stark, Robert W.; ?. (2018? 7? 23?). “The Iceman's Last Meal Consisted of Fat, Wild Meat, and Cereals”. 《Current Biology》 (??) 28 (14): 2348–2355.e9. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2018.05.067. ISSN 0960-9822. PMC 6065529. PMID 30017480.
- ↑ Zink, Albert R.; Maixner, Frank (2019). “The Current Situation of the Tyrolean Iceman”. 《Gerontology》 (??) 65 (6): 699–706. doi:10.1159/000501878. ISSN 0304-324X. PMID 31505504. S2CID 202555446.
- ↑ Bortenschlager, Sigmar; Oeggl, Klaus (2012). 《The Iceman and his Natural Environment: Palaeobotanical Results》 (??). Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-3-7091-6758-8.
- ↑ Christopher Ruff; Holt, BM; Sládek, V; Berner, M; Murphy Jr, WA; Zur Nedden, D; Seidler, H; Recheis, W (July 2006), “Body size, body proportions, and mobility in the Tyrolean "Iceman"”, 《Journal of Human Evolution》 51 (1): 91–101, doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2006.02.001, PMID 16549104
- ↑ James H. Dickson; Klaus Oeggl; Linda L. Handly (May 2003), “The Iceman Reconsidered” (PDF), 《Scientific American》 288 (5): 70–79, Bibcode:2003SciAm.288e..70D, doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0503-70, PMID 12701332, 12 October 2008? ?? ?? (PDF)?? ??? ??
- ↑ “Iceman Had Bad Teeth: Discovery News”. News.discovery.com. 15 June 2011. 25 September 2011? ?? ???? ??? ??. 15 September 2011? ???.
- ↑ Maixner, Frank; Krause-Kyora, Ben (2016? 1? 8?). “The 5300-year-old Helicobacter pylori genome of the Iceman”. 《Science》 351 (6269): 162–165. Bibcode:2016Sci...351..162M. doi:10.1126/science.aad2545. PMC 4775254. PMID 26744403.
- ↑ “Iceman Lived a While After Arrow Wound”. 《DNews》. 10 May 2017. 19 August 2012? ?? ???? ??? ??.
- ↑ ??? ?? ?? ??? ‘??’? ‘??’? ?? ?????, ???????, 2022? 8? 3?
- ↑ Samadelli, M; M Melis; M Miccoli; E Egarter-Vigl; AR Zink (2015), “Complete Mapping of the Tattoos of the 5300-year-old Tyrolean Iceman”, 《Journal of Cultural Heritage》 16 (5): 753–758, doi:10.1016/j.culher.2014.12.005
- ↑ ? ? Deter-Wolf, Aaron (22 January 2015). “Scan finds new tattoos on 5300-year-old Iceman”. 17 November 2015? ?? ???? ??? ??. 16 November 2015? ???.
- ↑ Pabst, M.A.; I Letofsky-Papst; E Bock; M Moser; L Dorfer; E Egarter-Vigl; F Hoffer (2009), “The Tattoos of the Tyrolean Iceman: A Light Microscopical, Ultrastructural and Element Analytical Study”, 《Journal of Archaeological Science》 36 (10): 2335–2341, doi:10.1016/j.jas.2009.06.016
- ↑ ? ? ? Piombino-Mascali, Dario; Krutak, Lars (2020), Sheridan, Susan Guise; Gregoricka, Lesley A., ??., “Therapeutic Tattoos and Ancient Mummies: The Case of the Iceman”, 《Purposeful Pain: The Bioarchaeology of Intentional Suffering》, Bioarchaeology and Social Theory (??) (Cham: Springer International Publishing), 119–136?, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-32181-9_6, ISBN 978-3-030-32181-9, S2CID 213402907
- ↑ Spindler, Konrad (1995), 《The man in the ice》, Phoenix, 178–184?, ISBN 978-0-7538-1260-0
- ↑ Dorfer, L; M Moser; F Bahr; K Spindler; E Egarter-Vigl; S Giullén; G Dohr; T Kenner (September 1999), “A medical report from the stone age?”, 《The Lancet》 354 (9183): 1023–1025, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(98)12242-0, PMID 10501382, S2CID 29084491
- ↑ Deter-Wolf, Aaron (11 November 2015). “It's official: ?tzi the Iceman has the oldest tattoos in the world”. 15 November 2015? ?? ???? ??? ??. 16 November 2015? ???.
- ↑ Deter-Wolf, Aaron; Robitaille, Beno?t; Krutak, Lars; Galliot, Sébastien (February 2016). “The World's Oldest Tattoos”. 《Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports》 5: 19–24. doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2015.11.007.
- ↑ Daley, Jason (2019? 12? 5?). “Infrared Reveals Egyptian Mummies' Hidden Tattoos”. 《Smithsonian Magazine》 (??). 2020? 6? 20?? ???.
- ↑ World's Oldest Blood Found in Famed "Iceman" Mummy, National Geographic, MAY 2, 2012
- ↑ Oetzi the Iceman's blood is world's oldest, BBC, 2 May 2012
- ↑ Preservation of 5300 year old red blood cells in the Iceman, PMC
- ↑ ? ? Keller, Andreas; Graefen, Angela; ?. (2012? 2? 28?). “New insights into the Tyrolean Iceman's origin and phenotype as inferred by whole-genome sequencing”. 《Nature Communications》 3: 698. Bibcode:2012NatCo...3..698K. doi:10.1038/ncomms1701. PMID 22426219.
- ↑ Haplogroup, Science Direct
- ↑ “G-FGC5672 YTree”. 2019? 6? 23?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2022? 9? 10?? ???.
- ↑ Di Cristofaro, Julie; Mazières, Stéphane; Tous, Audrey; Di Gaetano, Cornelia; Lin, Alice A.; Nebbia, Paul; Piazza, Alberto; King, Roy J.; Underhill, Peter; Chiaroni, Jacques (2018? 8? 1?). “Prehistoric migrations through the Mediterranean basin shaped Corsican Y-chromosome diversity”. 《PLOS ONE》 13 (8): e0200641. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1300641D. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0200641. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 6070208. PMID 30067762.
- ↑ Ermini, Luca; Olivieri, Cristina; Rizzi, Ermanno; Corti, Giorgio; Bonnal, Raoul; Soares, Pedro; Luciani, Stefania; Marota, Isolina; De Bellis, Gianluca; Richards, Martin B.; Rollo, Franco (2008). “Complete Mitochondrial Genome Sequence of the Tyrolean Iceman”. 《Current Biology》 18 (21): 1687–93. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2008.09.028. PMID 18976917. S2CID 13983702.
- ↑ Endicott, Phillip; Sanchez, Juan J; Pichler, Irene; Brotherton, Paul; Brooks, Jerome; Egarter-Vigl, Eduard; Cooper, Alan; Pramstaller, Peter (2009). “Genotyping human ancient mtDNA control and coding region polymorphisms with a multiplexed Single-Base-Extension assay: The singular maternal history of the Tyrolean Iceman”. 《BMC Genetics》 10: 29. doi:10.1186/1471-2025-08-07. PMC 2717998. PMID 19545382.
- ↑ “Ancient DNA reveals genetic relationship between today's Sardinians and Neolithic Europeans – HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology”. 19 November 2015. 8 October 2016? ?? ???? ??? ??. 30 August 2016? ???.
- ↑ Keller, Andreas; Graefen, Angela; Ball, Markus; Matzas, Mark; Boisguerin, Valesca; Maixner, Frank; Leidinger, Petra; Backes, Christina; Khairat, Rabab; Forster, Michael; Stade, Bj?rn; Franke, Andre; Mayer, Jens; Spangler, Jessica; McLaughlin, Stephen; Shah, Minita; Lee, Clarence; Harkins, Timothy T.; Sartori, Alexander; Moreno-Estrada, Andres; Henn, Brenna; Sikora, Martin; Semino, Ornella; Chiaroni, Jacques; Rootsi, Siiri; Myres, Natalie M.; Cabrera, Vicente M.; Underhill, Peter A.; Bustamante, Carlos D.; ?. (2012). “New insights into the Tyrolean Iceman's origin and phenotype as inferred by whole-genome sequencing”. 《Nature Communications》 3: 698. Bibcode:2012NatCo...3..698K. doi:10.1038/ncomms1701. PMID 22426219.
- ↑ Callaway, Ewen (2012). “Iceman's DNA reveals health risks and relations”. 《Nature》. doi:10.1038/nature.2012.10130. S2CID 85055245. 11 September 2016? ?? ???? ??? ??. 30 August 2016? ???.
- ↑ “Tratti genetici comuni tra la mummia Oetzi e gli attuali abitanti di Sardegna e Corsica”. Tiscali. 28 February 2012. 2 March 2012? ?? ???? ??? ??.
- ↑ Hall, Stephen S. (November 2011). “Iceman Autopsy”. 《National Geographic》. 19 October 2011? ?? ???? ??? ??. 17 October 2011? ???.
- ↑ Ames, S. K.; Hysom, D. A.; Gardner, S. N.; Lloyd, G. S.; Gokhale, M. B.; Allen, J. E. (2013? 7? 4?). “Scalable metagenomic taxonomy classification using a reference genome database”. 《Bioinformatics》 29 (18): 2253–2260. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btt389. PMC 3753567. PMID 23828782.
- ↑ “Link to Oetzi the Iceman found in living Austrians”. 《BBC News》. 10 October 2013. 12 October 2013? ?? ???? ??? ??. 12 October 2013? ???.
- ↑ In the book Cookwise by Shirley Corriher, the point is made (in relation to cooking) that plant leaves have a waterproof, waxy cuticle which makes raindrops roll off, with the comment "it was interesting that the 5,000-year-old Alpine traveler ... had a grass raincoat": Shirley O. Corriher (1997), 《Cookwise: The Hows and Whys of Successful Cooking》, New York: William Morrow and Company, 312?, ISBN 978-0-688-10229-6
- ↑ “The Belt and Pouch”. South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology. 11 March 2009? ?? ???? ??? ??. 23 April 2016? ???.
- ↑ Katka Krosnar (17 July 2005), “Now you can walk in footsteps of 5,000-year-old Iceman – wearing his boots”, 《The Daily Telegraph》, 29 June 2011? ?? ???? ??? ??
- ↑ Hammond, Norman (2005? 2? 21?). “Iceman was wearing 'earliest snowshoes'”. 《The Times》. 2014? 11? 29?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2013? 11? 24?? ???.
- ↑ New details emerge about Neolithic age in Alps, swissinfo.ch, August 21, 2008
- ↑ Davis, Nicola (30 August 2016). “It becometh the iceman: clothing study reveals stylish secrets of leather-loving ancient”. 《The Guardian》. 30 August 2016? ?? ???? ??? ??. 30 August 2016? ???.
- ↑ Romey, Kristin (18 August 2016). “Here's What the Iceman Was Wearing When He Died 5,300 Years Ago”. 《National Geographic》. 19 August 2016? ?? ???? ??? ??. 18 August 2016? ???.
- ↑ O'Sullivan, Niall J.; Teasdale, Matthew D.; Mattiangeli, Valeria; Maixner, Frank; Pinhasi, Ron; Bradley, Daniel G.; Zink, Albert (18 August 2016). “A whole mitochondria analysis of the Tyrolean Iceman's leather provides insights into the animal sources of Copper Age clothing”. 《Scientific Reports》 (??) 6: 31279. Bibcode:2016NatSR...631279O. doi:10.1038/srep31279. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 4989873. PMID 27537861.
- ↑ ?tzi's clothing, Il Museo Archeologico dell'Alto Adige
- ↑ Wierer, U., Arrighi, S., Bertola, S., Kaufmann, G., Baumgarten, B., Pedrotti, A., Pernter, P. and Pelegrin, J. (2018) "The Iceman's lithic toolkit: Raw material, technology, typology and use". PLOS ONE, 13(6): e0198292. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0198292
- ↑ <Please add first missing authors to populate metadata.> (16 September 2002), “Iceman's final meal”, 《BBC News》, 30 March 2015? ?? ???? ??? ??
- ↑ Squires, Nick ( 7 July 2017). “Copper axe owned by Neolithic hunter ?tzi the Iceman came all the way from Tuscany”. 《The Telegraph》. 7 November 2017? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2 November 2017? ??? – www.telegraph.co.uk ??.
- ↑ “The Axe – ?tzi – South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology”. 《iceman.it》. 16 November 2010? ?? ???? ??? ??. 12 September 2010? ???.
- ↑ “The Final Hours of the Iceman's Tools” (??). 2018? 7? 4?? ???.
- ↑ Petraglia, Michael D.; Wierer, Ursula; Arrighi, Simona; Bertola, Stefano; Kaufmann, Günther; Baumgarten, Benno; Pedrotti, Annaluisa; Pernter, Patrizia; Pelegrin, Jacques (2018). “The Iceman's lithic toolkit: Raw material, technology, typology and use”. 《PLOS ONE》 13 (6): e0198292. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1398292W. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0198292. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 6010222. PMID 29924811.
- ↑ Brenda Fowler (2001), 《Iceman: Uncovering the Life and Times of a Prehistoric Man found in an Alpine Glacier》, Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press, 105–106?, ISBN 978-0-226-25823-2
- ↑ Norman Davies (1996), 《Europe: A History》, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-820171-7
- ↑ Capasso L (December 1998), “5300 years ago, the Ice Man used natural laxatives and antibiotics”, 《Lancet》 352 (9143): 1864, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)79939-6, PMID 9851424, S2CID 40027370
- ↑ “Who Killed the Iceman? Clues Emerge in a Very Cold Case”. 《The New York Times》. 26 March 2017. 26 September 2017? ?? ???? ??? ??. 28 March 2017? ???.
- ↑ Sarah Ives (30 October 2003), 《Was ancient alpine "Iceman" killed in battle?》, National Geographic News, 15 October 2007? ?? ???? ??? ??, 25 October 2007? ???
- ↑ ? ? Franco Rollo []; ?. (2002), “?tzi's last meals: DNA analysis of the intestinal content of the Neolithic glacier mummy from the Alps”, 《Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences》 99 (20): 12594–12599, Bibcode:2002PNAS...9912594R, doi:10.1073/pnas.192184599, PMC 130505, PMID 12244211
- ↑ Stephanie Pain (26 July 2001), 《Arrow points to foul play in ancient iceman's death》, NewScientistTech, 23 August 2014? ?? ???? ??? ??
- ↑ ? ? James M. Deem ( 3 January 2008), 《?tzi: Iceman of the Alps: Scientific studies》, 2 September 2015? ?? ???? ??? ??, 6 January 2008? ???
- ↑ Alok Jha ( 7 June 2007), “Iceman bled to death, scientists say”, 《The Guardian》, 13 March 2016? ?? ???? ??? ??
- ↑ Rory Carroll (21 March 2002). “How Oetzi the Iceman was stabbed in the back and lost his fight for life”. 《The Guardian》. 9 December 2007? ?? ???? ??? ??.
- ↑ “USATODAY.com – 'Iceman' was murdered, science sleuths say”. 《USA Today》. 27 June 2012? ?? ???? ??? ??.
- ↑ Fagan, Brian M.; Durrani, Nadia (2015). 《In the Beginning: An Introduction to Archaeology》. Routledge. ISBN 978-1317346432. 5 February 2017? ?? ???? ??? ??.
- ↑ Rossella Lorenzi (31 August 2007), 《Blow to head, not arrow, killed Otzi the iceman》, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, 11 October 2007? ?? ???? ??? ??; Nicole Winfield (30 August 2007), 《Ancient murder mystery takes new turn》, NBC News
- ↑ A. Vanzetti, M. Vidale, M. Gallinaro, D.W. Frayer, and L. Bondioli. "The iceman as a burial ??? 6 9? 2010 - ??? ??."[Antiquity (journal)|Antiquity]. Volume: 84 Number: 325 Page: 681–692. September 2010
- ↑ ? ? ? "Prehistoric 'Iceman' gets ceremonial twist ??? 30 8? 2010 - ??? ??", Science News, 25 September 2010. (Retrieved 19 September 2010)
?? ??
[??]- Dickson, James Holms (2005? 6? 28?), 《Plants and the Iceman: ?tzi's last journey》, Division of Environmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 2007? 3? 17?? ???.
- Fowler, Brenda (November 2002), 《The Iceman's last meal》, NOVA Online, PBS, 2007? 3? 17?? ???.
- Keller, Andreas (2012? 2? 28?), “New insights into the Tyrolean Iceman's origin and phenotype as inferred by whole-genome sequencing” (PDF), 《Nature Communications》 (nature.com) 3: 698, Bibcode:2012NatCo...3..698K, doi:10.1038/ncomms1701, PMID 22426219, 2012? 4? 25?? ???.
- Kennedy, Frances (26 July 2001), “Oetzi the Neolithic Iceman was killed by an arrow, say scientists”, 《The Independent》, 18 May 2007? ?? ???? ??? ??, 17 March 2007? ???.
- Macintyre, Ben (2003? 11? 1?), “We know Oetzi had fleas, his last supper was steak ... and he died 5,300 years ago”, 《The Times》, 2019? 7? 2?? ?? ???? ??? ??, 2022? 9? 10?? ???.
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- Bortenschlager, Sigmar; Oeggl, Klaus, ??. (2000), 《The Iceman and His Natural Environment: Palaeobotanical Results》, Wien; New York: Springer, ISBN 978-3-211-82660-7.
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- Spindler, Konrad (2001), 《The Man in the Ice: The Preserved Body of a Neolithic Man Reveals the Secrets of the Stone Age》, ?? Ewald Osers, London: Phoenix, ISBN 978-0-7538-1260-0.
- De Marinis, Raffaele C.; Brillante, Giuseppe (1998), 《La Mummia del Similaun: ?tzi, l'uomo venuto dal ghiaccio [The Mummy of the Similaun: ?tzi, the Man who Came from the Ice]》, Venice, Italy: Marsilio, ISBN 978-88-317-7073-6 (?????)
- Fleckinger, Angelika; Steiner, Hubert (2000), 《L'uomo venuto dal ghiaccio [The Man who Came from the Ice]》, Bolzano, Italy: Folio, ISBN 978-88-86857-03-1 (?????)
?? ??
[??]- Official website about ?tzi
- New insights into the Tyrolean Iceman's origin and phenotype as inferred by whole-genome sequencing
- Iceman Photoscan, published by EURAC Research, Institute for Mummies and the Iceman
- "Death of the Iceman" – a synopsis of a BBC Horizon TV documentary first broadcast on 7 February 2002
- ?tzi Links ... Der Mann aus dem Eis vom Hauslabjoch – a list of links to websites about ?tzi in English, German and Italian (last updated 28 January 2006)
- Otzi, the 5,300 Year Old Iceman from the Alps: Pictures & Information (last updated 27 October 2004)
- "Five millennia on, Iceman of Bolzano gives up DNA secrets" Michael Day, The Independent, 2 August 2010
- "The Iceman Mummy: Finally Face to Face ??? 2025-08-07 - ??? ?? High definition image of a reconstruction of ?tzi's face.
- "An Ice Cold Case" RadioLab interviews Albert Zink, Head of EURAC Research and the scientist in charge of ?tzi research.
- "?tzi's Shoes ??? 2025-08-07 - ??? ??